Some photoshop tools

Selection Tools
Rectangular Marquee Tool: Allows you to select a rectangle out of the image.
Elliptical Marquee Tool: Allows you to select a ellipse out of the image.
Single Row Marquee Tool: allows you to select a thin horizontal line out of the image.
Single Column Marquee Tool: allows you to select a thin vertical line out of the image.

In-tool Shortcuts
Rectangular Marquee Tool: (Hold Shift) Allows you to select a perfect square.
Elliptical Marquee Tool: (Hold Shift) Allows you to select a perfect circle.
Single Row Marquee Tool: (Hold Shift) Allows you to select more than one horizontal line.
Single Column Marquee Tool: (Hold Shift) Allows you to select more than one vertical line.

Lasso's
Lasso Tool: Allows you to draw the area you want to select.
Polygonal Lasso Tool: Allows you to draw the area you want to select with straight lines.
Magnetic Lasso Tool: Attaches the selection line to the shape you are selecting.

Quick Magic
Quick Selection Tool: Allows You to select a large area quickly, shaping itself around objects in the image like the Magnetic Lasso.
Magic Wand Tool: Selects areas of the same colour.

Crop Tool
Crop Tool: Allows you to select a selected amount of an image, getting rid of the excess area.

Eyedropper
Eyedropper Tool: Allows you to select a colour in the image to use.

Healing
Healing Brush Tool: Allows you to get rid of blemishes, blending the coverup into the background.

Brushes
Brush: Its a brush, what else can I say?

Clones
Clone Stamp: Allows you to stamp something from the image on another place in the image. (Does that make sense?)

Erasers
Eraser: Works the same as an actual eraser. Once you rub something out, it's gone.

Sharp Blurred Smudge
Blur Tool: The name says it all.
Sharpen Tool: Sharpens the image.
Smudge Tool: Smudges the image.

Dodging a Burning Sponge.
Dodge Tool: Lightens image
Burn Tool: Darkens image
Sponge Tool: Takes colour from image making it black and white.

Pens
Pen Tool: Allows you to make paths.

Typing
Horizontal Type Tool: Allows you to write horizontally on the image.
Vertical Type Tool: Allows you to write vertically on the image.

Path Select
Path Selection Tool: Allows you to select a path and move it.
Direct Selection Tool: Allows you to change the shape of a path.

Movement
Hand Tool: Allows you to move around an image while zoomed in.
Rotate View Tool: Allows you to rotate the image.

Masks
Maks: Hides parts of the image that you choose, like a mask.